1960 Winter Olympics

VIII Olympic Winter Games
The emblem is made up of three red, white, and yellow triangles, which represent a star or snowflake, and the Olympic rings.
Host city	Squaw Valley, California, USA
Nations participating	30
Athletes participating	665 (521 men, 144 women)
Events	27 in 4 sports
Opening ceremony	February 18
Closing ceremony	February 28
Officially opened by	Vice President Richard Nixon
Athlete's Oath	Carol Heiss
Olympic Torch	Ken Henry
Stadium	Blyth Arena

Sign outside Olympic Village at Squaw Valley

The 1960 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VIII Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event that was held between February 18 and February 28, 1960 in Squaw Valley, California, United States (located near the Lake Tahoe basin). Squaw Valley won the bid in 1955. It was the first Olympic Games in North America in 28 years (after the Lake Placid Winter Olympics in 1932).

Host selection

Alexander Cushing, the creator of the resort, was initially inspired to submit Squaw Valley when he noticed a newspaper article mentioning Reno, Nevada and Anchorage, Alaska had expressed interest in the Games. Squaw Valley was a town with no mayor, and claimed one ski resort with only one chairlift, two rope tows, and a fifty-room lodge. In fact, Cushing was the only inhabitant and homeowner in the whole area.^[1] To this day, many wonder how he convinced the International Olympic Committee to select the little known resort. Nevertheless, the bid captured the imagination of the International Olympic Committee, although IOC head Avery Brundage stated "the USOC obviously has taken leave of their senses." Cushing campaigned vigorously to win the Games and networked to gain many allies, particularly from South American Olympic Committees, who normally cared little for the Winter Games. Stressing simplicity and "the World's Games" (as opposed to dominant Europe), the tiny resort beat out previous hosts St. Moritz, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and favorite Innsbruck, Austria, which would go on to host the 1964 Winter Olympics.^[2]

The Games were awarded on June 16, 1955, at the 50th IOC Session in Paris, France, to "shock and disbelief" over Innsbruck, and a four and a half year rush to construct roads, hotels, restaurants, and bridges, as well as the ice arena, the speed skating track, ski lifts, and ski jumping hill began. Criticism of the high altitude, remote location, and lack of facilities were shown to be only partly justified when the contests were over.^[3] Olympic course designer Willy Schaeffler walked the mountain for four days before appearing in declaring the site worthy. His valuable credits (the 1936 Games and the 1950 World Championships in Aspen) led him to tirelessly design the courses for the Games.^[4] In fact, the alpine and cross-country courses were so difficult that they garnered quite a bit of controversy.^[3]

The chart's information below comes from the International Olympic Committee Vote History web page.

1960 Winter Olympics Bidding Results
City	NOC Name	Round 1	Round 2
Squaw Valley, California	United States	30	32
Innsbruck	Austria	24	30
Garmisch-Partenkirchen	Germany	5
St. Moritz	Switzerland	3

Venues and celebrations

Thirty nations competed in 15 alpine and ski jumping events, 8 speed skiing contests, 3 figure skating competitions and 28 hockey matches.^[5]

Prior to the Games, Squaw Valley had a typical 20 feet (6.1 m) of snowpack. but a massive rain washed most of it away, including a temporary parking lot that was built on the frozen flood plain of a nearby stream. The U.S. military was called in to repair the damage to the packed-snow and ice lot before the Games began. Fortunately, 12 feet (3.7 m) of snow fell before the Games started.^[5]

Official flagpole

For the first time at a winter games, an Olympic Village was built to house all the athletes. It would house up to 750 participants. Also prominent was the Tower of Nations, now located at the entrance of the valley, which stands 79 feet (24 m) tall and 29 feet (8.8 m) wide. It is crowned with the five Olympic rings, each eight feet in diameter, and displays the crests of all the competing nations. There were also 30 flagpoles for the flags of the participating nations. Each flagpole came with a plaque signed by Walt Disney [1]. After the Games the flagpoles ended up, among others, at the following places:

• Sioux Falls Arena, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States
• Walt Disney Elementary, Marceline, Missouri, United States^[6]
• Disney Studio Commissary, Burbank, California, United States ^[7]
• Egmont H. Petersens Kollegium, Copenhagen, Denmark

Another first for the Games was Disney artist John Hench's Olympic torch design, upon which all further torches would be based. The Olympic flame was lit in the cottage of Sondre Norheim in Morgedal, Norway, and was brought to Los Angeles by plane from Oslo.

Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the Games. He organized 5,000 participants, including 1,285 instruments and 2,645 voices from nearby schools in California and Nevada.^[5] 2,000 doves were also released in the pageantry.^[2] CBS paid $50,000 for the right to broadcast the Games in the United States.^[8] Also, officials who were unsure whether a skier had missed a gate in the men's slalom, asked CBS to review videotape of the race. This inspired CBS to invent "instant replay".^[1]

Highlights

• Knut "Kupper'n" Johannessen, of Norway, scored the men's speed skating, 10,000 m gold with the legendary time 15:46.6.
• Yevgeny Grishin, of the USSR, scored the men's speed skating, 500 m gold, 1500 m gold where he drew with Roald Aas.
• Lidia Skoblikova, of the USSR, took the women's speed skating 1500 m gold and also the 3000 m gold.
• Frenchman Jean Vuarnet won the men's downhill gold medal. He was also the first to compete and win on metal skis.^[1]
• Anne Heggtveit, from Canada, took the women's slalom gold medal.
• In biathlon, Sweden's Klas Lestander recorded the 15th best time over the 20-kilometer course but was perfect on each of his 20 rifle shots, thereby winning the first Olympic biathlon competition.^[4]
• Penny Pitou, of the USA, won both the women's downhill silver medal and the women's giant slalom silver medal.
• Finnish cross-country skier Veikko Hakulinen was the only athlete at Squaw Valley to claim three medals (for a career total of seven). He came from 20 seconds back on the anchor leg to win gold in the 40–kilometer relay by one meter.
• Foreshadowing the 1980 Miracle on Ice, the little-regarded United States men's ice-hockey team beat Canada (the favorite to win the gold medal), Cold War rival USSR, and upset Czechoslovakia to win the Olympic gold in a game that went down to the wire.^[2]
• An IBM 305 RAMAC, an early IBM computer, was used to provide electronic data processing, another first for the Olympics.

Events

There were 15 alpine and ski jumping events, eight speed skating events, three figure skating events, as well as hockey. However, there was no bobsleigh run, as the organizing committee found it too expensive and only nine nations would take part, so the sport was not contested at these Games (The bobsleigh world championships in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy would be held later that same year to replace the Olympic competition.). Luge would debut as an Olympic sport in 1964.

This Olympiad was the first with women's speed skating and the men's biathlon.

Also for the first time, artificial refrigeration was installed for speed skating events.^[5]

• Blyth Arena--figure skating and ice hockey, speed skating in adjacent ring
• Westshore area—cross country skiing

Medal winners

• Alpine skiing
• Biathlon
• Figure skating
• Ice hockey
• Nordic skiing
  • Cross-country skiing
  • Nordic combined
  • Ski jumping
• Speed skating

Participating nations

A total of 30 nations sent athletes to Squaw Valley. South Africa competed at the Winter Games for the first time. (It was also its last for many years, as Apartheid policies prevented further participation until 1994.)^[3] Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964.

Medal count

These are the top ten nations that won medals at these Games:

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Soviet Union	7	5	9	21
2	Germany	4	3	1	8
3	United States (host nation)	3	4	3	10
4	Norway	3	3	0	6
5	Sweden	3	2	2	7
6	Finland	2	3	3	8
7	Canada	2	1	1	4
8	Switzerland	2	0	0	2
9	Austria	1	2	3	6
10	France	1	0	2	3

See also

• 1960 Summer Paralympics
• 1960 Summer Olympics
• Olympic games celebrated in the United States
  • 1904 Summer Olympics – St. Louis
  • 1932 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
  • 1932 Winter Olympics – Lake Placid
  • 1960 Winter Olympics – Squaw Valley
  • 1980 Winter Olympics – Lake Placid
  • 1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
  • 1996 Summer Olympics – Atlanta
  • 2002 Winter Olympics – Salt Lake City

• Winter Olympic Games
• Olympic Games
• International Olympic Committee
• List of IOC country codes

Notes

References

• "Squaw Valley 1960". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Winter/Squaw-Valley-1960. 
• "All the Medallists since 1896". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/All-Olympic-results-since-1896/?AthleteName=&Games=1334032&Country=&Sport=&TargetResults=true&resultsPageIPP=30. 
• Rubin, Robert (ed.). VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley, California 1960 Final Report (PDF). California Olympic Commission. http://www.aafla.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/1960w.pdf. 

External links

• "Squaw Valley 1960". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Winter/Squaw-Valley-1960. 
• Bill Briner Photo Collection of the 1960 Games
• Clip of US vs USSR ice hockey match
• The program of the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Olympics